1.확실한 과거시제-과거에무엇을 했었니?도 되구요,시간이 정확하게 나오는 경우 그시간에 뭐했니?도 되구요, 

예문을 보면요,What did you do last night? I din't do anything

what do you do?가 뭐해먹고 사냐는 거잖아요.

2.너 뭐했니?과거 진행으로보심되는데요,요것두 예문으로볼께요.I was walking home when i met Dave.(=in the middle of walking home)집으로 가던 도중 데이브를 만났을때 쓰는거예요

-또다른 예문-Matt burned his hand while he was cooking dinner.그가 요리를 하던 도중 손을 데인거예요..

아시겠죠?^^

3번은요,현재완료구요-너 뭐하고 있었니정도로 해석할수 있겠는데요,과거에 했던게 현재에도 계속 지속되고 있을때 말하죠. 예를 들어 He told me his name,but I've forgotten it.(I can't remember it now)^^
현재까지 그 사람이름이 기억이 안나니 현재완료를 써야겠죠?이해가 잘되셨으면 좋겠네요.

  다음을 참고로 하세요.

 The present perfect is used when the time period has not finished:

I have seen three movies this week.

(This week has not finished yet.) 

 The present perfect is often used when the time is not mentioned:

Gerry has failed his exam again. 

 The present perfect is often used when the time is recent:

Ikuko has just arrived in Victoria. 

 The present perfect is often used with for and since.

Greg has lived here for 20 years.

Greg has lived here since 1978. 

The present perfect is formed like this: 

 have plus past participle

When you are sure that you understand the topic, you can go on to the exercises.

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Present Perfect

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

You have seen that movie many times.

Have you seen that movie many times?

You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

There have been many earthquakes in California.

People have traveled to the Moon.

People have not traveled to Mars.

Have you read the book yet?

Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?

B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

I have been to France.

This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France.

Maybe you have been there once, or several times.

I have been to France three times.

You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.

I have never been to France.

This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.

I think I have seen that movie before.

He has never traveled by train.

Joan has studied two foreign languages.

A: Have you ever met him?

B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

The government has become more interested in arts education.

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

Man has walked on the Moon.

Our son has learned how to read.

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

Bill has still not arrived.

The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

The army has attacked that city five times.

I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

We have had many major problems while working on this project.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

They have had three tests in the last week.

She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.

My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

I went to Mexico last year.

I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.

I have been to Mexico in the last year.

I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

I have had a cold for two weeks.

She has been in England for six months.

Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You have only seen that movie one time.

Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

Many tourists have visited that castle. Active

That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

저도 한동안 헷깔려.. 예전에 인터넷으로 들었던 "최인호님의 말문이 터지는 영어" 에서는,,,

과거는... 과거 개념이고, 현재완료는 .. 시점이 현재인 now개념 이다...

1. 과거 .... 과거임을 확실히 알수 있는 단어(부사)와 주로 쓰인다(슬비님 말씀처럼)

                즉.. yesterday, last night, ...

                      예) I met Tom last night.

2. 현재완료 ... 기간을 알수 있는.. for + 시간,  since (~한 이후로 쭉) 과 같이 쓰일때

                     (* before 는 과거의미이나 현재완료에 어울린다)

               예) I have lived here for ten years.

                     또는 현재상태에 대한 간접적인 표현

               예) I have never seen snow(스키장 갈까 물을때 ..눈을 한번도 본적없어 스키장에 넘 가고 싶다)

                     I have already seen the movie.( 싫어하는 남자가 영화보자고 할때... 너하고 보기싫어 )

                     또는 최상급뒤에 자주 쓰이고

                     The most beautiful girl I've ever seen( 내가 본 여자중 최고)

                    그리고 시점이 현재일때(꼬인다...ㅋㅋ)

                      It's obivous that you haven't read this report.( 현재 너는 확실해 ..이 리포트를 읽지 않은게)

                     이 밖에 우리가 알고 있는 

                     have been to(가본적 있다-경험)  Fall has come(지금 현재입장에서 정확한 시점을 알수 없을때)

                   ...  알수록 재미있는게 시제 같아요.. ^^  

  시제가 많이 헛갈리는 이유는

  이론을 공부할 때도(문법서) 꼼꼼히 안 하고 지나갔을 경우 이기도 합니다.

  토익 이상(그러니까 토익 포함)에서 문법은 문법적으로 틀린 것도(비문법적) 생활에서 쓰면

그게 맞다고 답이 그게 됩니다.

  원래 법칙은 아래 제가 쓴 것인데,

  실제 미국에선 현완을 써야 할 것을 과거로 많이 쓰기도 합니다.

  이렇게 실제와 이론과 다르기 때문에 더 어려울 수도 있습니다.

  토익이나 reading, 수능영어 등으로 시제를 살펴 보시면 도움이 될 것 같습니다.

  또한 시제는 많이 틀릴 수 있는 부분이기 때문에 각 시제별 수동태까지 예문을(찾든지 만들든지) 해서

잘 익혀 둬야 합니다.

이거는 설명만으로 다 되지는 않는 듯 합니다.

Azar책의 시제 그림표를 보면 한결 이해가 수월한데요.

일단 맥락에 대한 이해와 연습으로 해결해야 하겠고, 동반되는 부사어구들과의 어울림에도 신경을 써야 할 것 같네요.

가령, 특정 시점을 "찍기"만 하는 상황(어제, 지난밤에, 작년에, 그 당시에)이면 단순 과거가 어울릴 것이고,

잘 알려졌듯이, 걸치는 이야기(~이후로, ~ 동안 주욱 : since~, for~) 이면 현재완료로 합니다.

과거는 과거로 끝이지만, 현재완료는 과거의 행위가 현재에 미치는 영향이 뉘앙스에 남아 있습니다.

그리고, 단순 시제와 진행형의 차이는, 늘 반복되거나 지속되는 "습관"이냐(단순 시제), 그런 것엔 관심없고 다만 지금 현재 (일시적으로) 진행되는 일이냐(진행)의 뉘앙스를 결정해 주는 역할을 합니다. 

이거는 어디까지나 이론이구요,

실제로 대화나 글에서 나오는 풍부한 시제활용은 경험적으로 문제들을 통해서라도 많이 터득해야 하겠네요. 

저도 원글맘님께 묻어 가고 싶네요.

과거, 현재, 미래는 우리말과 별 다른게 없으니 헷갈리지 않아요.

문제는 진행형과 완료형인데...

예를 들어...

아이가 방에서 혼자서 뭔가 하다가 나왔을때 뭐했니? 라고 묻고 싶어요.

What did you do?          What were you doing?          What have you done?

보통 두번째 문장을 많이 쓰더군요.

그렇지만 나머지 두 문장도 아주 많이 사용되더군요.

저 세개의 차이가 뭘까요?

아주 오래된 궁금증이랍니다.

이참에 저도 알게 되면 좋겠네요.

  칼?  (뭔가요?  무 써는 칼?)

  시제는 중요한 부분이죠. (말씀 안 드려도 잘 아시겠지만)

  시제는 12가지가 있습니다.

  그 중 완료 시제는 현완, 과완 ,미완 이렇게 있는데

  완료 시제 할 때는 이 네 가지를 기억해야 해요.

    - 완료

    - 경험

    - 계속

    - 결과

  그 내용이 위의 것에 해당한다면 완료 시제를 써야 합니다.

  현재 완료는 과거의 어느 때로부터 현재까지고

  과거 완료는 과거의 어느 때부터 과거까지고

  미완은 미래부터 미래까지 입니다.

  과거시제는 문장에 과거를 나타내는 부사가 있으면 분명히 과거로 해야 합니다.

  하지만, 역사적 현재 라든가, 뉴스 방송이라든가 처럼 과거의 일인데도 현재시제로 말하는

경우도 많습니다.

  따라서 반드시 과거를 과거시제로만 표현하지 않는다는 것도 알아 둬야 합니다.

  더 자세한 설명...들어갈까요?

  그러면 머리 아파집니다...(저는 안 아픈데...우리집 오면 머리 아프다고 하는 사람들도 있음.)

  궁금한 건 언제든 물어보세요.

  문법책을 몇 권씩 봤어도 문법 잘 못하는 사람들도 많습니다.

  그 이유는 뭘까요?

  잘 하는 사람들이 만들었기 때문이지요...